Friday, October 26, 2012

SA 100 2012: New York Tech's Coolest People - Business Insider

silicon alley 100 2012In the past few years, New York City has become a tech hotspot. And while it hasn't had any LinkedIn or Facebook-size exits, it has produced a few IPOs and near-billion-dollar acquisitions.

It's become the home to some of tech's most promising new companies, from Etsy to Makerbot to Kickstarter. Early stage investors like David Tisch, Joshua Kushner, First Round Capital, and Lerer Ventures are playing a large part in helping fuel the fire.

All in, it's been a great year for New York Tech. So we created the Silicon Alley 100 to celebrate people who did the coolest things in 2012. And this year, the list is ranked.

So what constitutes someone who's done something cool?

We prioritized entrepreneurs over investors, because it's much harder to start a company than to fund one. In particular, we prioritized startups with amazing exits and people who had big, game-changing roles at the tech companies.

Next, we valued companies that really exploded over the last year (the Kickstarters, Etsys and 10gens), followed by entrepreneurs who launched interesting new companies. Then we dove deeper into the ecosystem and recognized the money behind the startups ? the angel and early-stage investors, as well as the creators of incubators and accelerators.

Thanks to everyone for all the hard work they've done to make New York the coolest place in the world to launch a tech company.

Disclosure

A number of Business Insider's investors appear on this list: RRE, Ken Lerer, Dwight Merriman. SA 100Many companies on the list share investors with Business Insider. One VC firm is even in the same building as Business Insider, although no one who worked on this list has ever visited that floor.

Feedback

Disagree with our picks? Let us know what you think in the comments section below, or on Twitter: #sa100

Complete Coverage

In A-Z Order

The Complete List 1-100

The 2011 List

?

Acknowledgments

Source: http://www.businessinsider.com/sa-100-2012

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Thursday, October 25, 2012

Best Buy offers exclusive Windows 8 deals, demos

by Associated Press

KING5.com

Posted on October 24, 2012 at 7:16 AM

NEW YORK? -- Confused by Windows 8? Best Buy hopes it can help.

The consumer-electronics retailer is hoping to capitalize on the launch of Windows 8. It's trying to lure customers with exclusive computers and staffers trained to explain and demonstrate the new operating system from Microsoft Corp.

Windows 8 has a new look that's intended to create a seamless experience for users, whether they're on PCs, tablets or smartphones. Featuring a colorful array of tiles that fill the screen instead of the familiar start menu and icons, it's designed especially for touch-sensitive screens. Windows 8 will come pre-installed on almost all new PCs.

Best Buy Co. spent three years coming up with a plan for the launch. That includes two years of developing 45 exclusive Windows 8 computers and laptops designed with manufacturers such as Hewlett-Packard Co. to AsusTek Computer Inc. Nearly half of those computers feature touch screens. (Best Buy will also carry a wide range of non-exclusive Windows products, including tablets and smartphones.)

Microsoft's radical remake of Windows arrives at a time when Best Buy is struggling to avoid the fate of Circuit City, which liquidated in 2009. The company hopes the new Windows will spur sales as it faces tough competition from online retailers and discounters. Consumers' tastes are shifting to tablets and smartphones and, at the same time, they increasingly use Best Buy stores to browse for electronics before they buy the items online at lower prices, a practice known as showrooming.

Best Buy, which is based in Minneapolis, hasn't reported an increase in net income for two years.

Exclusive products are one way traditional brick-and-mortar stores are battling showrooming.

Another is customer service. To that end, Best Buy spent 50,000 hours training its staff members to show customers the ins and outs of Windows 8, as it's very different from its predecessors. Windows 8 is the biggest Windows revamp since Windows 95.

In addition, its Geek Squad technical service staff created 12 two-minute tutorials available online, each explaining a different feature of Windows 8.

"The demo experience becomes very, very important because of newness of touch feature," said Jason Bonfig, vice president for computing at Best Buy.

Morningstar analyst R.J. Hottovy's expectations are muted in terms of how much Best Buy will benefit from the launch. He believes Windows 8 "might give a temporary lift to sales, but longer term it doesn't solve any of the real issues facing the company," he said.

Barclays analyst Alan Rifkin crunched numbers on past Windows launches and found they did not provide a significant boost to retailers.

"While our research reveals that personal computer demand has been uniformly weak in the two to three quarters preceding a Windows release, historical Windows releases have not been identified as significant drivers of improved performance once the launch has taken place," he wrote in a note on Thursday.

Best Buy sounded more positive. The retailer started taking advance orders for Windows 8 devices and demo-ing the product on Sunday, and so far the response has been positive, Bonfig said.

"We've been very happy with interest and traffic in stores," he said.

Source: http://www.king5.com/news/business/Best-Buy-offers-exclusive-Windows-8-deals-demos-175597111.html

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For fans like me, Lance Armstrong doping saga spoils memories

Peter Ford, who covered Lance?Armstrong's winning streak at the Tour de France for the Monitor, writes that Armstrong's doping has 'tainted some of my happiest memories of reporting in France.'

By Peter Ford,?Staff Writer / October 22, 2012

This file photo shows Lance Armstrong, center, waving from the podium in July 2002 as he holds the winner's trophy after the 20th and final stage of the Tour de France cycling race between Melun and Paris. Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned for life by cycling's governing body Monday.

Peter Dejong/AP/File

Enlarge

Thirteen years ago, on an idyllic summer?s afternoon, I stood by the side of a road in the cheesemaking region of Cantal and watched Lance Armstrong speed by, tucked into the peloton, on his way to his first victory in the Tour de France.

Skip to next paragraph Peter Ford

Beijing Bureau Chief

Peter Ford is The Christian Science Monitor?s Beijing Bureau Chief. He covers news and features throughout China and also makes reporting trips to Japan and the Korean peninsula.

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It was 1999. A year earlier the Tour had been in tatters, devastated by a doping scandal that had seen police and judges raiding riders? hotel rooms in the middle of the night, seizing drugs. Armstrong?s successful arrival on the scene after overcoming cancer ?is symbolic of the way the Tour de France is emerging from its own battle against disappearance,? said the tour director at the time.

His victory would be ?highly symbolic of the combat he fought against death, and that we are fighting against doping,? promised Jean-Marie Leblanc.

Wednesday, October 24, 2012

Brookings Oregon News, Sports, & Weather | The Curry Coastal ...

Nationwide, many businesses and individuals still feel the effects of the economic downturn ? whether it be fewer sales, difficulty paying bills or unemployment. But they aren?t alone ? many nonprofits are in a similar situation.?

In Curry County, a variety of nonprofits are struggling to make ends meet and to continue offering their services.?

Wild Rivers Community Foundation, which strives to improve the quality of life of Del Norte and Curry County residents, has seen an increase in need in the past few years, according to Mary Foote, the former foundation program officer.?

?There?s more need right now than there?s ever been before, and there?s less to go around,? Foote said. ?In a way, the government does not provide basic support for communities. Departments are spinning off into nonprofits. In general there are less and less government services.?

?I think your nonprofit organizations, community foundations are going to have to take the bull by the horns and take over those services and provide more organizations in the community.?

However, as the recession continues, volunteer positions become harder to fill, Foote said.?

She suggests that nonprofits pool their resources.

?That?s the only way to be strong enough to survive economic times like this,? she said. ?Cities in Curry County have lots of similar issues.?

Nonprofits such as the South Coast Humane Society and Chetco Activity Center have all been forced to adapt.

Chetco Activity Center

The Chetco Activity Center, is feeling the strain of the recession.

?Our funding is easily down 30 percent from former years,? Community Relations Director Janice Scanlon said. ?People in this community built this place, and now we?re running a deficit of $2 to 3,000 a month. The giving for this place, the donations are way down. If we go to apply for grants, they?re few and far between.

?If people do have money, they?re stocking it away,? Scanlon said. ?They?re less likely to give. They?re fearful of their own futures.?

As a result, Scanlon has resorted to other means. She is doing everything from renting the center out to charging people for seconds during lunch to speaking at functions to becoming a marketer.?

?Just about anything that crosses my path, I will examine it for a fit for the center,? she said.?

The center also has had to dip into its reserves ? which it previously never had to do, cut back on staff, depend more on volunteers, and not advertise as much.?

?We?re literally paring back on every expense,? Scanlon said. ?Everything from the light bulbs we put in to what kind of phone do we choose. Everything that can be done by a volunteer is being done by a volunteer rather than staff.?

Scanlon, along with a handful of other local nonprofits, has started Wild Rivers Connect for Del Norte and Curry County nonprofits to create a database of current contact information and to work on pooling resources.?

Outreach Gospel Mission

The Outreach Gospel Mission, a free, recovery ministry, is struggling to meet the needs of the community.

?We?re definitely not profiting,? Executive Director Michael Olsen said.?

The cash donations are down about 18 percent, yet demand has increased. Compared to last year, the mission has assisted nearly 40 percent more families with utilities, fuel, rent or housing.?

Now families come in three times a week asking for assistance; it used to be half that.

?As the demand increases and the donation doesn?t increase with demand we are looking at every area we can to make it work,? Olsen said.

To deal with the demand, Olsen does his best to have low overhead; his current operating cost, including salary, is 13 percent of the mission?s total budget.

However, now when a person comes in and asks for help with their electric bill, Olsen has to say ?no.? If someone needs rent or gas assistance, the mission takes a second or third look at the request.?

?The good news is, we?re still able to get donations for hard goods that we?re able to turn around and sell,? Olsen said. ?It keeps operations going.?

The mission also is still able to provide an in-house recovery program. The population has been cut, but the mission has added a women?s home.

?We?re really doing the best we can with what we have, and we are very grateful to the donors we have.?

Brookings-Harbor Community Helpers

In the past year, the Brookings-Harbor Community Helpers Food Bank has noticed a significant increase in the number of people in need of food.

Between 2010 and 2011, the food bank gave out 1,164 more boxes of food and served 2,074 more people in 2011 than in 2010, executive director Julie Davis said. And 2012 will likely??exceed the 2011 level.

In addition to more need, the cost of food has increased as well. For example, through a food share program, Davis used to be able purchase a jar of peanut butter for $1.50. That same jar of peanut butter now costs $2.30.

As if these two factors aren?t enough, there is more: Donations are down slightly compared to last year.

?It puts a strain on us,? Davis said. ?A heavier strain on making sure we have the food. Enough food for people.??

Volunteers haven?t had to turn people away yet, but the food bank isn?t able to give people quite as much food.?

Friends of Music

Friends of Music, a group dedicated to bringing top-notch classical musicians to Brookings, has noticed a decline in ticket sales for its concerts and therefore a decline in revenue.

?It certainly has affected us,? Friends of Music president Tom Broderick said. ?The recession is so long-lasting. We?ve seen our season tickets go down from maybe 170 to 118, and we?ve often seen our audience is perhaps 50 percent to 60 percent capacity.

?We hope for more, but it?s been tough. And it hurts your cash flow, too. We had a little built up able carry forward for a number of years, but the last number of years it?s been a negative for each year. I?m longing for the days when we can make 4 percent or 5 percent on our money again.?

One of the nonprofit?s biggest struggles is that it isn?t able to earn money on its endowment.

?If you could earn some money on savings or an endowment it would be a whole different story,? Broderick said. ?You can make money if you?re willing to gamble, but you can?t do that with our kind of funding. We want to preserve our principle and well-preserve our endowments. We?ll get out of this recession eventually, and get back to normal, I hope.??

As a result, Friends of Music has modified its programs.

?We bring in world-class musicians to the community, but not as many as we?d like,? Broderick said.?

Half of the musicians the nonprofit brings in each season are world-class. The remaining are first-class educators who are performers as well.?

Brookings-Harbor Education Foundation?

The Brookings-Harbor Education Association, a group dedicated to supporting educational endeavors in Brookings-Harbor, has noticed a decline in funding.

??Over the past couple of years, ? there?s been some challenges in some of our funding,? BHEA president Alisa Green said. ?Turnout is a little??lower than anticipated. We?re very thankful for the support that we do get, though.?

However, the association mainly focuses on obtaining grant monies to create more opportunities for this area, so it hasn?t been drastically affected, Green said.

When asked if the association may have to resort to other means of funding, Green said the nonprofit will stick to applying for grants.

South Coast Humane Society

The South Coast Humane Society has seen the effects a recession can have first hand.

?It?s been horrible,? director Tanya Collins said. ?This year is worse than last. People come to drop off their animals because of not having food to feed them, of not having a job. People who have had their animals for over 10 years and are trying to bring them into the shelter because they can?t afford them any more. It?s really sad. It?s scary.?

This influx of pets strains the shelter.

?It?s taken a lot money-wise to try to take in as much as we can,? Collins said. ?You can tell it?s definitely bad.?

Eventually, the shelter has to turn people away.

?It?s really hard because you just told five people before them that you could, but you?re full now, so what do you do?? Collins said.

Like other groups, the Humane Society has thought of new fundraising ideas.

Last year, for the first time, the shelter started hosting a car wash.

?We?re always trying to figure out a new fundraiser,? Collins said. ?I think everybody?s hurting right now. We are pulling our strings and doing everything we can.?

Who tends to donate

According to ?How America Gives,? an August study by The Chronicle of Philanthropy,??those who tend to give aren?t who one might think. Statistically speaking, the most affluent aren?t high on the list.

Rather, ?people who make $50,000 to $75,000 give an average of 7.6 percent of their discretionary income, compared with an average of 4.2 percent for people who make $100,000 or more,? according the study.

People in red states are also more likely to donate to charities than those in blue.?

?The reasons for the discrepancies are rooted in part in each area?s political philosophy about the role of government versus charity: At least 13 states now offer special tax benefits to charity donors, often in the hopes of stimulating giving at the same time that lawmakers are adopting big cuts in government services,? according to the study.

Tax incentives and religion also matter.

?I would say it deals with religion, wealth of the community ... and government controls that are in place,? Foote said. ?That?s going to impact how much charitable giving you can do.??

Source: http://www.currypilot.com/News/Local-News/Economic-downturn-leaves-nonprofits-scratching-for-cash

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Genetic patterns of deep-sea coral provide insights into evolution of marine life

ScienceDaily (Oct. 23, 2012) ? The ability of deep-sea corals to harbor a broad array of marine life, including commercially important fish species, make these habitat-forming organisms of immediate interest to conservationists, managers, and scientists. Understanding and protecting corals requires knowledge of the historical processes that have shaped their biodiversity and biogeography.

While little is known about these processes, new research described in the journal Molecular Ecology helps elucidate the historical patterns of deep-sea coral migration and gene flow, coincident with oceanic circulation patterns and events. The investigators propose a scenario that could explain the observed evolutionary and present-day patterns in certain coral species. The findings can help scientists determine how climate change and other global processes have affected ocean habitats in the past and how they might do so in the future.

"The information generated in this study provides critical baseline data with which the potential effects of disturbances, such as global warming and ocean acidification, on populations inhabiting earth's largest biome can be assessed," says first author Santiago Herrera, a PhD candidate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The research will also provide new opportunities to examine ancient migration patterns of other marine organisms.

Herrera and his colleagues have been investigating ancient deep-water coral migration patterns from various seamounts -- geological features that rise at 1,000 meters or more from the seafloor and often form long chains -- and other hard-bottom habitats such as canyons, fjords, and continental slopes. The investigators' analyses involve the utilization of museum specimens, some of which date back to the mid 19th century.

This latest study focused on one species of coral: Paragorga arborea, also known as bubblegum coral. This coral has been found at polar, subpolar, and subtropical regions of all of the world's oceans. Few studies have evaluated the overall genetic diversity of widespread deep-sea species, and researchers have wondered whether Paragorgia arborea is in fact a single species on a global scale or whether it has evolved into a set of 'cryptic' species, in which they exist as a set of genetically distinct species that are morphologically indistinguishable.

"Analysis of eight gene regions from more than 100 individual corals, collected worldwide over the last 134 years, revealed evidence that individuals collected in regions separated by tens of thousands of kilometers at depths ranging from 100 to 1,500 meters belong to the same species," says co-author Timothy Shank, an associate scientist at WHOI and Herrera's mentor. "This genomic and sampling coverage represents an unprecedented effort towards solving fundamental evolutionary questions in deep-water corals," he adds.

The team also found significant differences in the genetic composition of the populations of this species, indicating that individuals from each population are much more likely to reproduce locally with neighboring individuals, rather than with individuals from other populations elsewhere. "These differences can be explained by the spatial separation of different ocean basins; however, depth does not seem to be an important structuring factor," says Herrera. "We identified five main populations: North Atlantic, Southern Indian, South Pacific, Western North Pacific, and Eastern North Pacific."

Surprisingly, the researchers found that populations of Paragorgia arborea from the North Atlantic share a more recent historical connection with the southern hemisphere populations, rather than with the North Pacific populations, which are much closer geographically. This connection seems to have occurred during the late Miocene -- early Pliocene period. Other researchers studying different marine organisms such as spiny dogfishes and bryozoans, also known as moss animals, have found this same historical genetic diversity pattern. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with the latest ocean circulation models for the epoch.

These results from the deep sea stand in marked contrast with the hypothesis of a trans-Arctic interchange, which suggests a recent migratory connection between the North Pacific and North Atlantic based on the distribution of several shallow-water organisms such as red algae, sea stars, bivalves, gastropods, barnacles, and seagrass.

"There were many bubblegum coral specimens available from northern locations and very few from southern latitudes to test our hypotheses. So, nine years ago we started to search for specimens in the southern hemisphere, and thanks to our collaborators in New Zealand (NIWA) and Australia (CSIRO), we were able to gather a numerous collection of Paragorgia specimens from the south that allowed us to perform a robust global analysis," says senior author Juan Sanchez, director of the marine molecular biology laboratory of the Universidad de los Andes, in Colombia.

Moving forward, the scientists plan to expand their research. "The next steps from this study will be to test what small-scale environmental factors produce the differences we see in the genetic composition of neighboring populations -- such as the Western and Eastern North Pacific populations -- and to try to identify specific adaptations of populations of this species that live at the environmental extremes of its distribution, for example at very shallow and deep depths, and in conditions of relatively low and high pH," says Herrera.

They also plan to study whether the historical connectivity patterns seen in Paragorgia arborea are found in other deep-sea species, which will give them a better understanding of the origin of the biological diversity present deep within the oceans. "The observed genetic diversity patterns, and the inferred evolutionary history of origin and spread of Paragorgia arborea could explain the current distribution patterns of many other marine taxa, for example deep-sea coral symbionts, such as brittle stars and squat lobsters, and thus might have played an important role shaping existing deep-sea faunal diversity," says Herrera.

This research was based on work supported by the Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts Project (CenSeam), the Facultad de Ciencias -- Department of Biological Sciences of the Universidad de los Andes, the National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service, the Smithsonian Institution, the Systematics Association, the Linnean Society of London, and the Sigma Xi Research Society.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. S. Herrera, T. M. Shank, J. A. S?nchez. Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic variation in the widespread antitropical deep-sea coralParagorgia arborea. Molecular Ecology, 2012; DOI: 10.1111/mec.12074

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/UG92M5NW-7Y/121023134822.htm

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Facebook revenue jumps 32% amid mobile gains

Rick Summer, Morningstar senior analyst, offers instant analysis of Facebook's quarter.

By CNBC.com news and wire reports

Social-networking giant?Facebook?reported its revenue jumped 32 percent in the third quarter, beating expectations, helped by gains in mobile.


This is only the second earnings report since the company's initial public offering in May.

Facebook shares initially fell, then erased losses to trade higher after the closing bell following the announcement.?(Click here to get the latest quotes for Facebook.)

The company reported a net loss of $59 million, or 2 cents per share, compared with net income of $227 million, or 10 cents a share a year earlier.

The most recent quarter's results include charges for share-based compensation and related payroll tax expenses and income-tax adjustments.

Excluding items, the company reported a profit of $311 million, or 12 cents per share.

Revenue increased 32 percent to $1.26 billion from $954 million a year ago.

Analysts had expected the company to report earnings excluding items of 11 cents a share on $1.23 billion in revenue, according to a consensus estimate from Thomson Reuters.

?We?re still seeing stable and good growth," said Rick Summer, an analyst at Morningstar, after the release. "The question remains as to when we see that re-acceleration.?

Advertising revenue shot up 36 percent to $1.09 billion, but revenue from its payments and other businesses increased just 13 percent to $176 million.

The company said it generated 14 percent of advertising revenue from mobile.

The company also said its operating margin excluding items slid to 42 percent from 51 percent in the year-ago quarter.

Since Facebook's IPO in mid-May, its shares have shed about 50 percent from their $38 offering price, driven down by investors' concerns about how the company will be able to monetize its users' mobile usage.

In recent weeks, the company has launched?several new products?and features that could boost revenue growth including one that lets advertisers target users in real-time, based on outside websites they visit.

Because Facebook is the world's dominant social-networking company, the company's results are a gauge of the health of social media companies, as well as the overall online advertising environment.

Facebook's report comes days after online advertising rival?Google?prematurely delivered?quarterly earnings?and revenue that lagged analysts' estimates and reported a 15-percent decline in its average cost-per-click.

Information from the Associated Press and Thomson Reuters?was included in this report.

More business news:

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Source: http://marketday.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/23/14649769-facebook-revenue-jumps-32-amid-gains-in-mobile?lite

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Tuesday, October 23, 2012

Ancestry.com Selling For $1.6 Billion, Will Receive Premium Buyout ...

Ancestry Sale 1 6 billion dollars

Ancestry.com is being sold to European firm Permira for a whopping $1.6 billion. Not bad for a site that bases its entire existence on tracking a person?s family tree.

According to reports Ancestry.com agreed to the 9.7% premium sales price on Monday. Ancestry.com first explored a sale in June, since that time shares have skyrocked by 41% at the genealogy website.

Since going public in 2009 shares at Ancestry.com have more than doubled, attracting attention from various private equity firms.

Ancestry.com is a huge hoarder of data with more than 2 million paying subscribers, 10 billion records and almost 40 million family trees.

Ancestry also owns websites ?MyFamily.com, ProGenealogists, and Rootsweb.com, genealogy software Family Tree Maker and Footnote.com. The latter platform holds billions of image that contain various historical records.

Ancestry.com is a global company that operates websites throughout parts of Europe and in Australia, China and Canada.

There are various family ancestry sites but Ancestory.com has become a mainstream entity, going so far as to partner with NBC for the reality TV show Who Do You Think You Are??which helped celebrities trace their family genealogies.

Ancestry.com is also no stranger to controversy, the site came under fire last year when the social security numbers of recently deceased people were leaked through the company?s Social Security Master File.

How Permira will leverage Ancestry.com to earn back its $1.6 billion buy price is not yet known. With the ability to reach a large unique visitor base it?s likely that much of Ancestry.com will continue with business as usual.

Source: http://www.inquisitr.com/372433/ancestry-com-selling-for-1-6-billion-will-receive-premium-buyout-pricing/

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For a Healthy Brain, Physical Exercise Trumps Mental Workout

Regular physical exercise appears to protect the brain from shrinking, an otherwise natural process in old age that is associated with memory and thinking problems.

Conversely, mentally and socially stimulating activities, long believed to stimulate the brain, had no major effect on preventing brain shrinkage, according to a study published today (Oct. 22) in the journal Neurology.

In other words, if you want to maximize the mind-enriching benefits of playing chess, pick a match across town and run or walk vigorously to it.

This relatively large brain-imaging study, which included brain scans using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), involved more than 600 people in Scotland between the ages 70 and 73. The researchers found a strong and direct correlation revealing that as physical exercise increases, brain shrinkage decreases.

"People in their seventies who participated in more physical exercise, including walking several times a week, had less brain shrinkage and other signs of aging in the brain than those who were less physically active," said lead author Alan J. Gow of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. "On the other hand, our study showed no real benefit to participating in mentally and socially stimulating activities on brain size, as seen on MRI scans, over the three-year time frame."

The research tapped into a respected longitudinal aging study called the Lothian Birth Cohort Study 1936, which, in 1947, tested the intelligence of more than 1,000 children born in 1936 and then has followed up with periodic assessments. This latest analysis entailed a health survey conducted when 638 subjects were 70 and then an MRI scan when they were 73.

The subjects provided details of their daily activities ? from moving to do only basic chores, to keeping fit with heavy exercise or competitive sports ? as well as non-physical social and leisure endeavors. Those most devoted to exercise showed both better brain circuitry connections and less brain shrinkage compared with the least-active subjects. This was regardless of initial IQ or social class status.

There was, however, "no support for a beneficial effect of more intellectually challenging or socially orientated activities," the researchers wrote, at least in terms of warding off brain shrinkage.

Gow said his group hasn't established a biological reason for why exercise can give the brain such a physical workout. Nor could they rule out the possibility that a healthy brain enables those elderly subjects to exercise more, and not that exercise maintains the brain.

"To be definitive, we do of course need more large-scale trials examining the effects of physical activity interventions," to determine which factors determine what, Gow told LiveScience. "We are following up the same individuals [for] repeat lifestyle assessments and brain scans, which will allow us to examine the direction of the associations in more detail."

Nevertheless, both physical exercise and non-physical leisure and social pursuits have so many other benefits ? for the former, preventing chronic diseases; for the latter, combating depression and fatigue ? that there's no harm in pursuing both at any age.

Christopher Wanjek is the author of a new novel, "Hey, Einstein!", a comical nature-versus-nurture tale about raising clones of Albert Einstein in less-than-ideal settings. His column, Bad Medicine, appears regularly on LiveScience.

Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/healthy-brain-physical-exercise-trumps-mental-workout-201143943.html

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Puppies don't pick up on yawns: Dogs, like humans, show a gradual development of susceptibility to contagious yawning

ScienceDaily (Oct. 23, 2012) ? Do you get tired when others yawn? Does your dog get tired when you yawn? New research from Lund University in Sweden establishes that dogs catch yawns from humans. But not if the dogs are too young. The study, published in Springer's journal Animal Cognition, found that, like humans, dogs show a developmental trend in susceptibility to contagious yawning. While dogs above seven months of age catch human yawns, younger dogs are immune to yawn contagion.

Contagious yawning is not just a sign of sleepiness or boredom. Previous research has shown contagious yawning in humans, adult chimpanzees, baboons and dogs, and suggests that it can be used as a measure of empathy. Empathy, mimicking the emotional responses of others, is difficult to measure directly, but contagious yawning allows assessment of a behavioral empathetic response, the researchers say.

While the development of contagious yawning in human children has seen much research, this is the first study to investigate its development in another species.

Elainie Alenk?r Madsen, PhD, and Tomas Persson, PhD, researchers at Lund University, engaged 35 dogs in Denmark, aged between four and 14 months, in bouts of play and cuddling and observed the dogs' responses when a human repeatedly yawned or gaped or performed neither of the two expressions. Only dogs above seven months of age showed evidence of contagious yawning.

This pattern of development is consistent with that in humans, who also show a developmental increase in susceptibility to yawn contagion, with children typically beginning to yawn contagiously at the age of four, when a number of cognitive abilities, such as accurate identification of others' emotions, begin to clearly manifest. One interpretation that Madsen and Persson suggest is that the results reflect a general developmental pattern, shared by humans and other animals, in terms of affective empathy and the ability to identify others' emotions. Given that contagious yawning may be an empathetic response, the results suggest that empathy and the mimicry that may underlie it develop slowly over the first year of a dog's life.

There was some evidence that the researchers may have transferred the emotion that yawning reflects (sleepiness) to the dogs, as nearly half of the dogs responded to yawning with a reduction in arousal, to the extent that the experimenter needed to prevent a number of dogs from falling asleep.

Research with adult humans and other primates suggest that individuals are more likely to yawn contagiously to those with whom they have close emotional bonds. Madsen and Persson tested the dogs with both an unfamiliar experimenter and their owner, but found no evidence that the puppies preferentially yawned in response to the yawns of the human with whom they were emotionally close. Since this is also the case for young human children, the researchers suggest that in species that show an empathy-based social modulatory effect on contagious yawning, this behavior only emerges at later stages of development.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/i3p4VCTAxm4/121023100942.htm

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Monday, October 22, 2012

Abortion in Central America: Where women don't have a say or ...

International organizations are stressing the high mortality rates and lack of protection for women and their sexual and reproductive freedom.

Nuria Riutord

A young twenty-year old woman is seven months pregnant and home alone. The house is a rural family property in her native village, Sacacoyo, El Salvador. Suddenly she suffers from a premature delivery. Her family find her in state of shock, haemorrhaging and weak.

They take her immediately to the hospital where the doctor who took care of her accused her to the authorities for having a planned abortion, which is illegal according to the country?s law.

The girl hadn?t informed her employers about her pregnancy and her partner abandoned her just after she gave him the news.

The accusations culminate in the girl?s retention. After that a trial is carried out without a single autopsy and all evidence taken to consideration was the physician testimony.It ends with the woman being given a thirty year sentence. .

This story is just one more example of the totally traumatic experiences many girls have to go through in most of the Central America countries.

In this case the name of the protagonist is Sonia T?bora. After seven years of torment due to the legal process she had to go through, in 2005 her case was revised and this August she was released.

It is without a doubt one the most emblematic recent episodes in ?the fight for ?woman?s sexual health and reproductive rights across Central America. The figures concerning these problems are devastating.

A reality in numbers

According to the association ?Central America Women?s Network (CAWN), 95% of the abortions in Latin America are not done with the necessary medical safety a procedure like it requires.

The health professionals are obliged by law to notify the authorities in any case of abortion. This obviously breaks the confidential doctor ? patient relationship and makes any woman going through this situation for her future, and more likely to find alternative, and sometimes more dangerous methods of abortion.

M?xico has a high mortality rate in pregnant woman, especially in poor rural areas. Even though in Mexico City it is legal to abort within the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, nowadays in half of the counties it is considered a crime and it can be punished with even 30 years of prison.

At the ?moment over twenty women, aged between 15 and 33 years old, are serving for this matter.

In Guatemala ?it would seem that everything is being done to protect ?women who are considering abortion. The reality is that they don?t actually have access to contraceptives. In fact, the governmental plans for the sexual health and education and family planning aren?t seeming to be effective.

In spite of the different international treaties signed about this matter the figures show that every day two woman die because of complications before, during or after birth.

The mortality rate is ?120 deaths in ?every 100.000 births. This is ?the second highest in all Latin America. It is estimated that 65.000 abortions take place annually, which means one for every six pregnancies.

If we look at Honduras, we see that the legislation has been changing over the decades and that at this point there are no exceptions to the general abortion prohibition.

On the contrary, during the Nineties ?women were allowed to have an abortion when it was in a case of rape, or when there was a risk for the mother?s life or because of a disability of the foetus. Today it is very different, it being ?illegal even to use the ?morning after pill?, which is different to what most human rights organisations around the world stand for.

No way out

Back to El Salvador, where hormonal contraceptives are included in the national public health system, the admirable efforts to make society aware about this problem and to give a better sexual education are not resulting in as good changes as expected. In fact, over 40% of women get pregnant before being 20 years old. This is happening ?even now when anti-conceptive methods are reaching a usage of 70%.

Since 1999, by law, the foetus is considered a human being from the moment of the conception. It is also established that abortion can punishable with up to 30 years, being ?a crime under any circumstance. The truth ?is that the number of abortions is indeterminate and at this moment there are women in prison because of having an abortion.

In Nicaragua, the country has developed a system to make family planning work and to reduce mortality rate. The thing is that it is only applied in the richest parts of the nation. According to the figures, 100 of every 100.000 births still end with the mother dying.

Another alarming fact is that they have the highest number of teenage pregnancies: representing a quarter of the total number of pregnancies. As there is no provision of a legal abortion in the country?s legislation, girls turn to unorthodox and unsafe ways to solve their situation.

All these figures show that there is no judiciary safety (and not even social support either sometimes) for woman in matters of their sexual and reproductive freedom in Central America.

The only way to change this issue, and the lives of many Latin American women, is to fight for the causes of all the international organisations protecting human?s and women?s rights as well as those of the World Health Organisation.

Source: http://www.theprisma.co.uk/2012/10/21/abortion-in-central-america-where-women-don%E2%80%99t-have-a-say-or-rights/

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Scientists convicted for not predicting quake

Maurizio Degl'innocenti / EPA, file

More than 300 people died after a quake in L'Aquila, Italy on April 6, 2009. The city was strewn with rubble and thousands left homeless.

By Peter Jeary, NBC News

A court in the Italian city of L?Aquila on Monday convicted six scientists and one government official of manslaughter for failing to give sufficient warning of a fatal earthquake that hit in 2009.

The judge sentenced each man to six years in jail and ordered them to pay compensation and legal fees.


The prosecution case had centered on a meeting the seven defendants, members of a commission on natural disasters, held in L?Aquila on March 31 2009, in which they told residents there was no cause for concern after a series of minor shocks had rocked the city in the preceding six months.

Less than a week later, in the early hours of April 6, a 6.3-magnitude quake?reduced much of the medieval city to rubble, leaving 309 people dead and more than 60,000 homeless, according to news reports at the time.

In a? memo issued after the March 31 meeting, the experts concluded that it was "improbable" that there would be a major quake, although they stopped short of entirely excluding the possibility.

The public prosecutor, Fabio Picuti, had accused the defendants of giving "inexact, incomplete and contradictory information" about whether the smaller tremors should have constituted grounds for an official quake warning.

Picuti acknowledged that predicting where, when and with what force a quake would strike is scientifically impossible, but said the risk of a big temblor was not taken seriously enough. He argued the commission?s discussions were too generic and completely failed to address the risk at hand.

?The key word in this trial is the word analysis. How do you proceed with an analysis of risk, or an analysis of seismic risk? Do you proceed in a manner that the defendants have shown us???Picuti said in comments to the court on Monday.?

Defense lawyer Franco Coppi told the court it would indeed be a problem if the risk had been foreseen and inevitable.

?But if an event cannot be foreseen, and more importantly if it is unavoidable,? Coppi said. ?It is impossible to speak about how a risk has not been foreseen."

Italy's long earthquake history hidden in ancient records

The decision to prosecute the seven, who are among leading figures in Italian seismology, had caused alarm among the scientific community.

In a report commissioned by the Italian government in the immediate aftermath of the L?Aquila disaster, the International Commission of Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (ICEF) highlighted the many difficulties of making accurate time-sensitive predictions, within timescales usually calculated in decades, not weeks or months.?

But the ICEF report?s findings also called for better public communication, not just of day-to-day temblor hazards but also by setting alert levels that take into account the advantage of being psychologically prepared for when a quake hits.

Scientists on trial for failing to predict Italian quake

An open letter to Italian president Giorgio Napolitano, signed by more than 5,000 members of the international scientific community, criticized the proceedings.

In a separate letter?to the Italian president, the American Association for the Advancement of Science called the charges "unfair and na?ve," saying, "There is no accepted scientific method for earthquake prediction that can be reliably used to warn citizens of an impending disaster."

Despite the protests, the trial opened in September 2011.

The seven convicted of manslaughter were:

Enzo Boschi, then-president of Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in Rome;

Franco Barberi, at the University of 'Rome Tre';

Mauro Dolce, head of the seismic-risk office at the national Department of Civil Protection in Rome;

Claudio Eva, from the University of Genova;

Giulio Selvaggi, director of the INGV?s National Earthquake Centre in Rome;

Gian Michele Calvi, president of the European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering in Pavia;

and a government official, Bernardo De Bernardinis, then vice director of the Department of Civil Protection.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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Source: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/22/14611225-scientists-found-guilty-of-manslaughter-for-failing-to-predict-italy-quake?lite

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Marijuana use may cause severe cyclic nausea, vomiting, a little-known, but costly effect

ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 2012) ? Marijuana use -- both natural and synthetic -- may cause cannabinoid hyperemesis (CH) a little-known but costly effect that researchers suggest is a serious burden to the health care system as it often leads to expensive diagnostic tests and ineffective treatments in an effort to find the cause of a patient's symptoms and provide relief, according to two separate case reports unveiled October 22 at the American College of Gastroenterology's (ACG) 77th Annual Scientific meeting in Las Vegas. Cannabinoid hyperemesis is characterized by a history of chronic cannabis use followed by a cyclic pattern of nausea, vomiting and colicky abdominal pain. Interestingly, compulsive hot baths or showers temporarily relieve symptoms, another characteristic which aids clinicians in diagnosis.

"Most healthcare providers are unaware of the link between marijuana use and these episodes of cyclic nausea and vomiting so they are not asking about natural or synthetic cannabinoid use when a patient comes to the emergency room or their doctor's office with these symptoms," said co-investigator Ana Maria Crissien-Martinez, M.D. of Scripps Green Hospital and Clinic in San Diego. She said CH was first described in a 2004 case series of 9 patients in Australia and since then, 14 case reports and 4 case series have been published, including a prospective series of 98 patients published by Mayo Clinic in February 2012.

"Patients who use cannabis whether natural or in synthetic form called 'Spice' also don't realize their unexplained episodes of cyclic nausea and vomiting may be a result of this use, with some increasing their cannabis use because they may think it will help alleviate their symptoms -- and it actually makes them worse," said Dr. Crissien-Martinez. "The only resolution is cannabis cessation."

Dr. Crissien-Martinez co-authored the case report, "Marijuana: Anti-Emetic or Pro-Emetic" which described a series of 9 patients with cannabinoid hyperemesis at Scripps Green Hospital with average age at diagnosis 30 years-old; 88 percent male; onset of cannabis use during teen years; 88 percent used cannabis daily; 56 percent compulsive bathing behavior; and 80 percent symptom resolution with cannabis cessation.

The other case report, "Spicing Up the Differential for Cyclic Vomiting: A Case of Synthetic-Cannabinoid Induced Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)," may be the first reported case of CH attributed to synthetic cannabinoid, according to Fong-Kuei Cheng, M.D. and his research team from Walter Reed Walter Reed National Military Medical Center/Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, MD.

"Legal synthetic cannabinoids became available in the United States by 2009 with widespread usage among military personnel due to its ability to elude standard drug testing. It is important to recognize that routine urine drug testing does not include JWH-018 and JWH 073, which are the primary components in synthetic cannabinoids," said Dr. Cheng.

The case report described a 22-year active duty military male who was admitted with a 10-month history of progressive, intermittent abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, with episodes occurring every two months and lasting up to a week. He underwent several diagnostic tests before a urine synthetic cannabinoid test confirmed the diagnosis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). Since discontinuing these drugs, the patient has remained symptom-free, according to the case report.

"This case illustrates that CHS should be in the differential diagnosis of unexplained, episodic abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting, particularly if relieved with compulsive hot showers. Recognition of this syndrome is important to prevent unnecessary testing and to reduce health care expenditures," said Dr. Cheng. "We have also noted, particularly in the active duty population where drug testing for cannabis usage is done routinely, that there appears to be an increased usage instead of the synthetic cannabinoids, so we would advocate routine additional testing for them when the clinical suspicion is high."

Patients frequently have multiple hospital, clinic and emergency room visits with extensive negative work-up to include imaging studies, endoscopies, and laboratory testing before they are finally diagnosed with cannabinoid hyperemesis, according to the researchers of both case reports.

"We estimate $10,000 to be the minimum cost of one admission -- but on average our patients required admission to the hospital 2.8 times, a total of almost $30,000 for workup," said Dr. Crissien-Martinez, who added that that cost does not include the added costs of primary care physician and/or gastroenterologist and emergency room visits, which averaged 2.5 and 6 times respectively.

Dr. Crissien-Martinez said that 80 percent of the Scripps Green patients who stopped cannabis experienced symptom resolution; however, only one of them remained abstinent and consequently symptom-free.

"As health care providers, we must be aware of the potential side effects of chronic cannabis use and understand that cannabinoid hyperemesis is diagnosed clinically to avoid expensive diagnostic and therapeutic modalities," said Dr. Crissien-Martinez. "Instead the focus should be shifted towards counseling and resources allocated towards marijuana cessation."

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/rGOl0wCrr-0/121022081353.htm

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Creativity: Is Creativity A Mental Illness?

I recently came across a link that was called ? ?creativity ?closely entwined with mental illness?. This was from the bbc website about a recent study that has connected creativity with mental health problems. The link can be found on the bbc website.

And after reading all that was said, I thought I would use my creativity to write an article about this. As I don?t believe that this is a discovery that is either new or groundbreaking; associating these two things together has been done for a very long time.

This also reminded me of a book by Alice Miller and the title gives away much of what the book is about ? The Untouched Key: Tracing Childhood Trauma in Creativity and Destructiveness. And the Publication Date for this book was 1990.

Society

One of the things that society likes to do is to label things. And in the area of the mind or mental health, this could relate to a certain type of behaviour or the mental tendencies that one might have.

I said the type of behaviour first, because this is typically how one comes to understand what is going on in another person?s mind. So this will then result to certain behaviour being classed as normal or abnormal, based on the criterion that has been set by the people in mental health and other such figures.

Normal Or Abnormal?

As time has gone by, it is clear to see, that what is classed as normal and what is classed as abnormal is constantly changing. What was classed as normal many years ago could be classed as abnormal today. These descriptions are never static and are always changing ? like life itself.

The ego mind functions through making judgements; this is how it hopes to ensure its own survival. It does not mean that these judgements are right or wrong or true or false, they are just how the ego mind works.

And due to the ego mind seeing everything in polarities, it will mean the judgements that are made, will be seen as the absolute truth.

Consequences

No matter what one is talking about in regards to making judgements, there will always be consequences that occur through this act. And when it comes to the area of mental health, there are potentially two sides.

On one side there is the obvious motivator to assist in making people?s lives better and to aid in the betterment of their wellbeing. And by becoming aware of a certain behaviour or mental position, they will be able to or at least try to provide the appropriate solutions.

And on the other side, there are consequences of not only becoming aware, but of also giving or attaching a label to something. This can end up creating more problems.

Associations

Here, ones ego mind will not only begin to identify with the new label that has been coined, it will also begin to take on board the emotional judgements that come with it. This could be feelings of guilt, shame, anger, frustration, anxiety and/or fear. So if one does feel that they have mental challenges, these can end up being magnified by these labels.

The Four Seasons

In nature there are the different seasons and this effects how the weather is and for some countries this will be more evident than others. Sometimes it?s hot and sometimes it cold, one can change where they live or they can stay and experience the different cycles.

When it comes to the mind, there are similarities. There are moments when it can be like the summer season and there are moments when it can be like the winter season and all that is in-between. And this will naturally vary from person to person. The childhood that one has had, ones physical health, the quality of one?s relationships and their financial situation; are a few examples that will play a part in ones mental wellbeing.

This means that there will be times that one feels good and times when they don?t. The natural ebb and flow of life is at work here. (Of course, if one is constantly feeling low and down, then this is a sign that assistance is the right option and must be sought)

Pleasure And Pain

To avoid pain and to seek pleasure is how the ego mind functions. And being human, means is that we will experience pain, it can?t be avoided. However, what we can change is our interpretation of what is causing the pain. It often seems that anything that is considered to be painful is described as a mental health problem in today?s world.

If one doesn?t feel completely happy all of the time, then there is a label or a term given to these people. And if one is happy a lot of the time, there is even a label for this also. Based on this perspective, it would be easy to say everyone has a mental health problem of some kind, simply because we are human.

The Human Experience

And part of what makes us human, is our ability to feel pain. We navigate our way through life by what our ego mind has associated as painful. The childhood years of a lot of people are extremely painful and for some the years later are equally as painful.

The loved ones in people?s life will pass or they will want to move on, which will bring pain. Rejection and disapproval are but two other ways, which can also create pain.

Creativity

So if pain is part of the human experience and we all need a way to deal with that pain, then what better way is there to process it than to be creative? This is a way to transmute the negative energy and that way, instead of using this energy in a destructive way, it can be used to create something positive.

Destructivity

Another way to describe all this is to say ?destructivity ?closely entwined with mental illness?. They are two sides of the same coin. And there are plenty of examples of both. And when it comes to processing the pain that we all have to one degree or another, what is the most constructive?

Conclusion

It can be easy to feel a certain amount stigma around normal parts of the human experience and this can be the result of different influences, from our friends to the experts. The most important thing is to be aware and to question all that is said; so that we can form our own ideas and views.

Pain motivates people to achieve and to develop themselves. The need to have or to achieve is often the result of feeling the absence within. The individual that is content rarely feels motivated to do or be more ? A Buddhist monk is an example of this. So based on this perspective, does that mean that a society?s evolution and the human evolution, is the result of mental health problems?

My name is Oliver J R Cooper and I have been interested in self awareness for over eight years. For just under two years, I have been expressing my understandings with these transformational writings. One of my intentions is to be a catalyst to others, as other people have been and continue to be to me.

Feel free to join the Facebook Groups -

Transformational Writing

http://www.facebook.com/transformationalwriting

Movie Metaphors

http://www.facebook.com/moviemetaphors

Source: http://toddsblogs.com/selfimprovement/2012/10/20/creativity-is-creativity-a-mental-illness/

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Saturday, October 13, 2012

NTT DoCoMo unveils winter lineup, pushes big displays, LTE, quad-cores and NFC payments

NTT DoCoMo unveils winter collection big displays, LTE, quadcores and NFC payments are all so chica

Just as the air begins to chill, NTT DoCoMo has announced its forthcoming line-up for release in November and December, including nine smartphones, four feature phones and a tablet. As the Japanese populace would no doubt demand, all of the bigger smartphones -- from the 4.7-inch Arrows V F-04E through to the 5.5-inch Galaxy Note II -- come with 1,280 x 720 displays, a healthy degree of water- and dust-proofing, plus decent quad-core credentials. The new Aquos Phone Zeta SH-02E stands out for its low-power 4.9-inch IGZO panel and 16-megapixel camera, while the Arrows Tab F-05E 10-inch tablet packs a 1,980 x 1200 display and what sounds like the latest 1.7GHz iteration of Tegra 3 (as seen in the HTC One X+). It's also interesting to a see a Korean-style variant of the Galaxy S III (the Alpha SC-03E) packing a souped-up 1.6GHz Exynos chip and 2GB RAM. In related news, NTT has also announced that it's parterning with Mastercard PayPass and will offer the contactless payment system for Japanese customers travelling abroad by fall next year -- and indeed all the new smartphones are NFC-equipped. Click the first source link below for the full run-down.

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NTT DoCoMo unveils winter lineup, pushes big displays, LTE, quad-cores and NFC payments originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 11 Oct 2012 10:12:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/11/ntt-docomo-winter-lineup/

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Friday, October 12, 2012

Cold cases heat up through Lawrence Livermore approach to identifying remains

Thursday, October 11, 2012

In an effort to identify the thousands of John/Jane Doe cold cases in the United States, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researcher and a team of international collaborators have found a multidisciplinary approach to identifying the remains of missing persons.

Using "bomb pulse" radiocarbon analysis developed at Lawrence Livermore, combined with recently developed anthropological analysis and forensic DNA techniques, the researchers were able to identify the remains of a missing child 41 years after the discovery of the body.

In 1968, a child's cranium was recovered from the banks of a northern Canadian river. Initial analysis conducted by investigators, using technology at the time, concluded that the cranium came from the body of a 7-9-year-old child and no identity could be determined. The case went cold and was reopened later.

The cranium underwent reanalysis at the Centre for Forensic Research, Simon Fraser University in Canada, where skull measurements, skeletal ossification, and dental formation indicated an age-at-death of approximately 4 ? years old. At Lawrence Livermore, researchers conducted radiocarbon analysis of enamel from two teeth indicated a more precise birth date. Forensic DNA analysis, conducted at Simon Fraser University, indicated the child was a male, and the obtained mitochondrial profile matched a living maternal relative to the presumed missing child.

The multidisciplinary analyses resulted in a legal identification 41 years after the discovery of the remains, highlighting the enormous potential of combining radiocarbon analysis with anthropological and mitochondrial DNA analyses in producing confident personal identifications in forensic cold cases dating to within the last 60 years.

"There are thousands of John Doe and Jane Doe cold cases in the United States," said Livermore scientist Bruce Buchholz, who conducted the radiocarbon analysis in the case. "I believe we could provide birthdates and death dates for many of these cases."

Age determination of unknown human bodies is important in the setting of a crime investigation or a mass disaster, because the age at death, birth date, and year of death, as well as gender, can guide investigators to the correct identity among a large number of possible matches.

Using the Laboratory's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Buchholz determined that the radioactive carbon-14 produced by above-ground nuclear testing in the 1950s and 1960s remains in the dental enamel, the hardest substance in the body. The radiocarbon analysis shows that dating teeth with the carbon-14 method estimates the birth date within one to two years.

Above-ground testing of nuclear weapons during the Cold War (1955) caused a surge in global levels of carbon-14 (14C), which has been carefully recorded over time. The radiocarbon technique determines the amount of 14C in tooth enamel. Scientists can relate the extensive atmospheric record for 14C to when the tooth was formed and calculate the age of the tooth and its owner.

In forensic cases where teeth are unavailable, the radiocarbon analysis of bone also can provide useful information whether the time of death occurred prior to 1955 or afterward.

In the missing child case, Buchholz determined radiocarbon values for two teeth, which once analyzed showed that that the average of the crown's enamel formation span occurred between 1959 and 1961.

"In a conservative estimate, the carbon-14 value for the crown's enamel would correspond with a birth year between 1958 and 1962," Buchholz said.

In summary, the 14C dates in combination with the age-at-death estimate using anthropological techniques suggest that the child was born between 1958 and 1962 and died between 1963 and 1968.

The research also has implications for the identity of victims in mass graves or mass fatality contexts, where a combined DNA and radiocarbon analysis approach provides the additional benefit of distinguishing between maternal relations.

###

The research appears in the September issue of the Journal of Forensic Sciences.

DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: http://www.llnl.gov

Thanks to DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/124399/Cold_cases_heat_up_through_Lawrence_Livermore_approach_to_identifying_remains

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Thursday, October 11, 2012

Prospective Alzheimer's drug builds new brain cell connections, improves cognitive function of rats

ScienceDaily (Oct. 11, 2012) ? Washington State University researchers have developed a new drug candidate that dramatically improves the cognitive function of rats with Alzheimer's-like mental impairment.

Their compound, which is intended to repair brain damage that has already occurred, is a significant departure from current Alzheimer's treatments, which either slow the process of cell death or inhibit cholinesterase, an enzyme believed to break down a key neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory development. Such drugs, says Joe Harding, a professor in WSU's College of Veterinary Medicine, are not designed to restore lost brain function, which can be done by rebuilding connections between nerve cells.

"This is about recovering function," he says. "That's what makes these things totally unique. They're not designed necessarily to stop anything. They're designed to fix what's broken. As far as we can see, they work."

Harding, College of Arts and Sciences Professor Jay Wright and other WSU colleagues report their findings in the online "Fast Forward" section of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

Their drug comes as the pharmacological industry is struggling to find an effective Alzheimer's treatment. Last month, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, or PhRMA, reported that only three of 104 possible treatments have been approved in the past 13 years.

"This 34-to-one ratio of setbacks to successes underlines the difficulty of developing new medicines for Alzheimer's," the trade group said in a news release. Development of the WSU drug is only starting. Harding and Wright must first satisfy the Food and Drug Administration that it is safe. Only then would clinical trials begin to see if a drug that works in a rat will work in a human.

Safety testing alone could cost more than $1 million, says Harding, who is looking to fund the drug's development through his and Wright's company, M3 Biotechnology Inc., the WSU Research Foundation, and ultimately large pharmaceutical company partners.

Harding, a medicinal chemist, and Wright, a neuroscientist, have been working on their compound since 1992, when they started looking at the impact of the peptide angiotensin IV on the hippocampus, a brain region involved in spatial learning and short-term memory. Typically, angiotensins have been linked to blood pressure regulation, but Harding and Wright noticed that angiotensin IV, or early drug candidates based on it, were capable of reversing learning deficits seen in many models of dementia.

The practical utility of these early drug candidates, however, was severely limited because they were very quickly broken down by the body and couldn't get across the blood-brain barrier, a cellular barrier that prevents drugs and other molecules from entering the brain. The only way the drug could be delivered was by direct brain application.

Says Harding: "We said, 'That's useless. I mean, who wants to drill holes in people's heads? It's not going to work. It's certainly not going to work for the big population.'"

Five years ago, Harding designed a smaller version of the molecule that he and Wright called Dihexa. Not only is it stable but it can cross the blood-brain barrier. An added bonus is it can move from the gut into the blood, so it can be taken in pill form.

The researchers tested the drug on several dozen rats treated with scopolamine, a chemical that interferes with a neurotransmitter critical to learning and memory. Typically, a rat treated with scopolamine will never learn the location of a submerged platform in a water tank, orienting with cues outside the tank. After receiving the WSU drug, however, all of the rats did, whether they received the drug directly in the brain, orally, or through an injection.

"Same result, every time," says Harding.

Harding and Wright also reported similar but less dramatic results in a smaller group of old rats. In this study the old rats, which often have difficulty with the task, performed like young rats. While the results were statistically valid, additional studies with larger test groups will be necessary to fully confirm the finding. Currently, the "gold standard" compound for creating neuronal connections is brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, a growth-promoting protein associated with normal brain development and learning. Autopsies of Alzheimer's patients have found lower levels of BDNF in the brain.

In bench assays using living nerve cells to monitor new neuronal connections, Harding, Wright, and their colleagues found Dihexa to be seven orders of magnitude more powerful than BDNF, which has yet to be effectively developed for therapeutic use. In other words, it would take 10 million times as much BDNF to get as much new synapse formation as Dihexa.

"We quickly found out that this molecule was absolutely, insanely active," says Harding. These results further suggest that Dihexa or molecules like it may have applications in other neurodegenerative disease or brain traumas where neuronal connections are lost.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Washington State University. The original article was written by Eric Sorensen, WSU science writer.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. A. T. McCoy, C. C. Benoist, J. W. Wright, L. H. Kawas, J. Bule-Ghogare, M. Zhu, S. M. Appleyard, G. A. Wayman, J. W. Harding. Evaluation of metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analogs as pro-cognitive/anti-dementia agents. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2012; DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199497

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/NI2Ar624njc/121011090653.htm

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